
1. The main types of commonly used optical materials are as follows:
1. Optical glass: the most commonly used: crown glass (domestic brand: H-K9L, foreign grade: N-BK7), as well as flint glass and other optical glass;
2. Infrared materials: infrared fused silica, gem silicon, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc selenide, germanium, etc
3. Ultraviolet materials: ultraviolet fused silica, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, etc
4. Crystal materials: quartz crystal, a-BBO, ice stone, YVO4, lithium niobate
2. Introduction to each material
| Material | Peculiarity | Wavelength range | 
| N-BK7 | N-BK7 is borosilicate crown glass, RoHS compliant, hard glass, can withstand a variety of physical and chemical stimuli, is very suitable for manufacturing precision lenses, and is the most commonly used optical glass for high-quality optical components. | 0.35-2.0μm | 
| H-K9L | H-K9 is the most commonly used optical material base material, with excellent mechanical properties and very low bubbles, high purity, good scratch resistance, and stable chemical properties. | 0.33-2.1μm | 
| UVFS | UV-grade fused silica provides high transmission in the deep UV region, making it ideal for applications in the UV to near-infrared bands. In addition, UV fused silica has a lower refractive index and better homogeneity than N-BK7/K9 materials, and has a small coefficient of thermal expansion, making it suitable for applications with high temperature requirements. | 0.185-2.1μm | 
| CaF₂ | Calcium fluoride optical substrates, high mechanical and environmental stability, low refractive index, high damage threshold, low fluorescence, and high homogeneity, make them ideal for demanding applications with these requirements, such as excimer lasers, spectroscopy, and refrigerated thermal imaging applications. | 0.17-7.8μm | 
| BaF₂ | The properties of barium fluoride are similar to calcium fluoride, more resistant to high-energy radiation, but easy to be damaged by water, 500 °C water exposure, the performance is significantly reduced, the dry environment can be used within 800 °C, the operation of BaF₂ must be equipped with gloves, and hands must be thoroughly cleaned after the end. | 0.2-11µm | 
| MgF₂ | Magnesium fluoride crystal is a kind of positive birefringent crystal, with extremely high resistance to mechanical and thermal shock and radiation, strong and durable, very suitable for use in high-stress environments, mostly used to make optical prisms, lenses, windows and other optical components, used in machine vision, microscopy and industrial applications | 0.2-6.0µm | 
| ZnSe | Zinc selenide has a wide transmission band, good imaging characteristics and thermal shock characteristics in the infrared band, low absorbance, and is often used in optical systems that combine CO₂ lasers (working at 10.6 μm) with helium-neon lasers. | 0.6-16.0µm | 
| Si | Ideal for near and partial mid-infrared, silicon has high thermal conductivity and low density, making it ideal for laser mirrors, quantum cascade lasers, imaging, biomedical, and military applications, but has a strong absorption band at 9 μm, making it unsuitable for CO₂ laser transfer applications. | 1.2-8.0µm | 
| Ge | Germanium is ideal for far-infrared laser applications, the element is inert to air, water, alkalis, and acids (except nitric acid), and its transmission properties are very sensitive to temperature, impervious to visible light, making it ideal for biomedical and military imaging applications. | 2.0-16µm | 
| PTFE | Polytetrafluoroethylene (white PTFE), a plastic material, PTFE has a low dielectric constant of about 520 GHz, about 1.96, so low insertion loss, and a refractive index of 1.4, making it ideal for terahertz wave applications. | 30µm-1.0mm | 
| Gemstone | Gemstone (Al₂O₃) is a uniaxial crystal with very high hardness and is a superhard material. It has superior mechanical properties and a very wide light transmission range, and is often used in areas where surface scratches are highly demanding. Sapphire is chemically inert and insoluble in water, common acids and alkalis at a maximum of 1000 °C. | 0.15-4.5μm | 
| N-SF11 | N-SF11 is a heavy flint glass that meets RoHS standards and has a high refractive index, high dispersion, and low Abbe number, making it ideal for visible light applications with high dispersion. | 0.42-2.3µm | 
| F2 | F2 is flint glass, high refractive index and low Abbe number, which is ideal for use in equilateral dispersive prisms. Compared to N-SF11, it has higher chemical resistance and slightly higher transmittance. | 0.385-2µm | 
| N-F2 | N-F2 is flint glass, RoHS compliant, and has nearly identical optical properties to F2, with excellent performance in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. It has a high refractive index and a low Abbe number, making it ideal for use in equilateral dispersive prisms. | 0.42-2µm | 
| CaCO₃ | Also known as calcite, it is the crystal substrate most commonly used in polarized optical components. Calcite is a fragile soft crystal, so the calcite polarizer needs to be fitted with a metal housing. These housings can be installed into optomechanical products with convenient threads and adapters. | 0.3-2.3μm | 
| KBr | KBr is commonly used in infrared optical windows as well as InGaAs and liquid sample cells. Common applications include infrared and FTIR spectrophotometry. KBr is soft and hygroscopic, so it should protect the optics from excessive moisture, such as high humidity environments. | 0.25-26µm | 
| TiO2 | The durability, high refractive index, and strong birefringence of rutile (TiO2) make it ideal for substrates for making polarizers. Our rutile polarizers provide extremely pure polarized light with a 100,000:1 extinction ratio. | 0.5-4.5µm | 
| YVO4 | Yttrium vanadium (YVO4) is a birefringent, positive uniaxial crystal primarily used in polarized optical components. It has high birefringence and a wide transmission range extended to the infrared, so it is very suitable for use as an infrared polarizer, YVO4 crystal can replace icestone and rutile in the field of optical fiber communication, and is a key material in optical communication passive devices such as optical isolators, annulators, polarization beam splitters, polarizers. | 0.488-3.4µm | 
| a-BBO | α-BBO (α-barium metaborate, α-BaB2O4) is a negative uniaxial crystal with wide light transmission range, high birefringence coefficient, good internal quality, small absorption, good mechanical properties, high damage threshold and many other advantages, which are widely used in Gran prism polarizers, birefringent polarization beam splitters, etc. | 0.19-3.5µm | 
3. Table of parameters of each material
| Material | Transmission Range | Index of Refractiona | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | Density | Abbe Number (Vd) | Young's Modulus | Poisson's Ratio | Melting Point | Change in Index of Refraction | 
| NBK-7 | 350nm - 2.0µm | 1.517(587.6nm) | 7.1 x 10-6 /°C | 2.51 g/cm³ | 64.17 | 82 GPa | 0.206 | 550 °C | 2.4 x 10-6 /°C | 
| H-K9 | 0.33-2.1 | 1.5164(588nm) | 7.5x 10-6 /°C | 2.52g/cm³ | 64.06 | ||||
| UVFS | 0.185-2.1 | 1.4858(308nm) | 0.55 x 10-6 /°C | 2.20g/cm³ | 
 | 73.6 GPa | 0.17 | 1585 °C | 11.9 x 10-6 /°C | 
| CaF₂ | 0.17-7.8 | 1.399(5000nm) | 18.85 x 10-6 /°C | 3.18 g/cm³ | 95.31 | 75.8 GPa | 0.26 | 1418 °C | -10.6 x 10-6 /°C | 
| ZnSe | 600nm-16.0µm | 2.403 (10.6µm) | 7.1 x 10-6 /°C | 5.27 g/cm³ | 67.2 GPa | 0.28 | 1520 °C | 61 x 10-6 /°C | |
| Si | 1.2-8.0µm | 3.423(4.58µm) | 4.50 x 10-6 /°C | 2.33g/cm³ | / | 130.91 GPa | 0.28 | 1690 °C | 160 x 10-6 /°C | 
| Ge | 2.0-16µm | 4.004 | 6.1 x 10-6 /°C | 5.33 g/cm³ | Not Defined | 102.7 GPa | 0.278 | 936 °C | 277 x 10-6 /°C | 
| MgF₂ | 200nm-6.0µm | ne=1.378 | 13.70 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 3.177 g/cm³ | 138.5 GPa | 0.276 | 1255 °C | 2.3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | |
| BaF₂ | 200nm-11.0µm | 1.468(1064nm) | 18.4 x 10-6 /°C | 4.893 g/cm³ | 81.87 | 53.07 GPa | 0.343 | 1368 °C | -15.2 x 10-6 /°C | 
| Gemstone | 0.15-4.5 | ne=1.747 | 5.3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 3.97 g/cm³ | 335 GPa | 0.25 | 1800 °C | 13.1 x 10-6/°C | |
| N-F2 | 420nm-2µm | 1.62(587.6nm) | 7.8 x 10-6 /°C | 2.65 g/cm³ | 36.43 | 82 GPa | 0.228 | 569 °C | 2.1 x 10-6 /°C | 
| N-SF11 | 420nm-2.3 µm | 1.785(587.6nm) | 8.5 x 10-6 /°C | 3.22 g/cm³ | 25.68 | 92 GPa | 0.257 | 592 °C | 0.1 x 10-6 /°C | 
| CaCO₃ | 300nm-2.3μm | ne = 1.480 | 25 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 2.71 g/cm³ | Abbe Number (Vd), Extraordinary 79.17 | 88.19 GPa (Parallel) | 0.85 | 825°C | 3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 
| F2 | 385nm-2µm | 1.62 | 8.2 x 10-6 /°C | 3.6 g/cm³ | 36.37 | 57 GPa | 0.22 | 580°C | 2.7 x 10-6 /°C | 
| KBr | 250nm - 26µm | 1.525(10.6µm) | 43 x 10-6 /°C | 2.75 g/cm³ | 33.64 | 26.8 GPa | 0.3 | 730 °C | -40.83 x 10-6 /°C | 
| TiO2 | 500nm - 4.5µm | ne = 2.734  Nd:YAG (1.064 µm)a | 9.2 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 4.25 g/cm³ | Not Defined | / | 0.28 | 1840°C | -0.42 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 
| YVO4 | 488nm-3.4µm | no = 1.959 | 11 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 4.23 g/cm³ | 133 GPa | 1750 - 1940 °C | 2.9 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | ||
| a-BBO | 0.19-3.5 | ne=1.533 | 36 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) | 3.85 g/cm³ | 56.18 | 39 GPa | 0.58 | 1095°C | 9.3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel) |