1. The main types of commonly used optical materials are as follows:

 

1. Optical glass: the most commonly used: crown glass (domestic brand: H-K9L, foreign grade: N-BK7), as well as flint glass and other optical glass;

2. Infrared materials: infrared fused silica, gem silicon, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc selenide, germanium, etc

3. Ultraviolet materials: ultraviolet fused silica, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, etc

4. Crystal materials: quartz crystal, a-BBO, ice stone, YVO4, lithium niobate

 

2. Introduction to each material

 

Material

Peculiarity

Wavelength range

N-BK7

N-BK7 is borosilicate crown glass, RoHS compliant, hard glass, can withstand a variety of physical and chemical stimuli, is very suitable for manufacturing precision lenses, and is the most commonly used optical glass for high-quality optical components.

0.35-2.0μm

H-K9L

H-K9 is the most commonly used optical material base material, with excellent mechanical properties and very low bubbles, high purity, good scratch resistance, and stable chemical properties.

0.33-2.1μm

UVFS

UV-grade fused silica provides high transmission in the deep UV region, making it ideal for applications in the UV to near-infrared bands. In addition, UV fused silica has a lower refractive index and better homogeneity than N-BK7/K9 materials, and has a small coefficient of thermal expansion, making it suitable for applications with high temperature requirements.

0.185-2.1μm

CaF

Calcium fluoride optical substrates, high mechanical and environmental stability, low refractive index, high damage threshold, low fluorescence, and high homogeneity, make them ideal for demanding applications with these requirements, such as excimer lasers, spectroscopy, and refrigerated thermal imaging applications.

0.17-7.8μm

BaF

The properties of barium fluoride are similar to calcium fluoride, more resistant to high-energy radiation, but easy to be damaged by water, 500 °C water exposure, the performance is significantly reduced, the dry environment can be used within 800 °C, the operation of BaF₂ must be equipped with gloves, and hands must be thoroughly cleaned after the end.

0.2-11µm

MgF

Magnesium fluoride crystal is a kind of positive birefringent crystal, with extremely high resistance to mechanical and thermal shock and radiation, strong and durable, very suitable for use in high-stress environments, mostly used to make optical prisms, lenses, windows and other optical components, used in machine vision, microscopy and industrial applications

0.2-6.0µm

ZnSe

Zinc selenide has a wide transmission band, good imaging characteristics and thermal shock characteristics in the infrared band, low absorbance, and is often used in optical systems that combine CO₂ lasers (working at 10.6 μm) with helium-neon lasers.

0.6-16.0µm

Si

Ideal for near and partial mid-infrared, silicon has high thermal conductivity and low density, making it ideal for laser mirrors, quantum cascade lasers, imaging, biomedical, and military applications, but has a strong absorption band at 9 μm, making it unsuitable for CO₂ laser transfer applications.

1.2-8.0µm

Ge

Germanium is ideal for far-infrared laser applications, the element is inert to air, water, alkalis, and acids (except nitric acid), and its transmission properties are very sensitive to temperature, impervious to visible light, making it ideal for biomedical and military imaging applications.

2.0-16µm

PTFE

Polytetrafluoroethylene (white PTFE), a plastic material, PTFE has a low dielectric constant of about 520 GHz, about 1.96, so low insertion loss, and a refractive index of 1.4, making it ideal for terahertz wave applications.

30µm-1.0mm

Gemstone

Gemstone (Al₂O₃) is a uniaxial crystal with very high hardness and is a superhard material. It has superior mechanical properties and a very wide light transmission range, and is often used in areas where surface scratches are highly demanding. Sapphire is chemically inert and insoluble in water, common acids and alkalis at a maximum of 1000 °C.

0.15-4.5μm

N-SF11

N-SF11 is a heavy flint glass that meets RoHS standards and has a high refractive index, high dispersion, and low Abbe number, making it ideal for visible light applications with high dispersion.

0.42-2.3µm

F2

F2 is flint glass, high refractive index and low Abbe number, which is ideal for use in equilateral dispersive prisms. Compared to N-SF11, it has higher chemical resistance and slightly higher transmittance.

0.385-2µm

N-F2

N-F2 is flint glass, RoHS compliant, and has nearly identical optical properties to F2, with excellent performance in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. It has a high refractive index and a low Abbe number, making it ideal for use in equilateral dispersive prisms.

0.42-2µm

CaCO₃

Also known as calcite, it is the crystal substrate most commonly used in polarized optical components. Calcite is a fragile soft crystal, so the calcite polarizer needs to be fitted with a metal housing. These housings can be installed into optomechanical products with convenient threads and adapters.

0.3-2.3μm

KBr

KBr is commonly used in infrared optical windows as well as InGaAs and liquid sample cells. Common applications include infrared and FTIR spectrophotometry. KBr is soft and hygroscopic, so it should protect the optics from excessive moisture, such as high humidity environments.

0.25-26µm

TiO2

The durability, high refractive index, and strong birefringence of rutile (TiO2) make it ideal for substrates for making polarizers. Our rutile polarizers provide extremely pure polarized light with a 100,000:1 extinction ratio.

0.5-4.5µm

YVO4

Yttrium vanadium (YVO4) is a birefringent, positive uniaxial crystal primarily used in polarized optical components. It has high birefringence and a wide transmission range extended to the infrared, so it is very suitable for use as an infrared polarizer, YVO4 crystal can replace icestone and rutile in the field of optical fiber communication, and is a key material in optical communication passive devices such as optical isolators, annulators, polarization beam splitters, polarizers.

0.488-3.4µm

a-BBO

α-BBO (α-barium metaborate, α-BaB2O4) is a negative uniaxial crystal with wide light transmission range, high birefringence coefficient, good internal quality, small absorption, good mechanical properties, high damage threshold and many other advantages, which are widely used in Gran prism polarizers, birefringent polarization beam splitters, etc.

0.19-3.5µm

 

3. Table of parameters of each material

 

Material

Transmission Range

Index of 

Refractiona

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Density

Abbe Number (Vd)

Young's Modulus

Poisson's Ratio

Melting Point

Change in Index of Refraction
with Temperature

NBK-7

350nm - 2.0µm

1.517(587.6nm)

7.1 x 10-6 /°C

2.51 g/cm³

64.17

82 GPa

0.206

550 °C

2.4 x 10-6 /°C

H-K9

0.33-2.1

1.5164(588nm)

7.5x 10-6 /°C

2.52g/cm³

64.06

       

UVFS

0.185-2.1

1.4858(308nm)

0.55 x 10-6 /°C

2.20g/cm³

 

73.6 GPa

0.17

1585 °C

11.9 x 10-6 /°C

CaF₂

0.17-7.8

1.399(5000nm)

18.85 x 10-6 /°C

3.18 g/cm³

95.31

75.8 GPa

0.26

1418 °C

-10.6 x 10-6 /°C

ZnSe

600nm-16.0µm

2.403 (10.6µm)

7.1 x 10-6 /°C

5.27 g/cm³

 

67.2 GPa

0.28

1520 °C

61 x 10-6 /°C

Si

1.2-8.0µm

3.423(4.58µm)

4.50 x 10-6 /°C

2.33g/cm³

/

130.91 GPa

0.28

1690 °C

160 x 10-6 /°C

Ge

2.0-16µm

4.004

6.1 x 10-6 /°C

5.33 g/cm³

Not Defined

102.7 GPa

0.278

936 °C

277 x 10-6 /°C

MgF₂

200nm-6.0µm

ne=1.378
no=1.390

13.70 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
8.48 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

3.177 g/cm³

 

138.5 GPa

0.276

1255 °C

2.3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
1.7 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

BaF₂

200nm-11.0µm

1.468(1064nm)

18.4 x 10-6 /°C

4.893 g/cm³

81.87

53.07 GPa

0.343

1368 °C

-15.2 x 10-6 /°C

Gemstone

0.15-4.5

ne=1.747
no=1.754 Nd:YAG (1.064 µm)a

5.3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
4.5 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

3.97 g/cm³

 

335 GPa

0.25

1800 °C

13.1 x 10-6/°C

N-F2

420nm-2µm

1.62(587.6nm)

7.8 x 10-6 /°C

2.65 g/cm³

36.43

82 GPa

0.228

569 °C

2.1 x 10-6 /°C

N-SF11

420nm-2.3 µm

1.785(587.6nm)

8.5 x 10-6 /°C

3.22 g/cm³

25.68

92 GPa

0.257

592 °C

0.1 x 10-6 /°C

CaCO₃

300nm-2.3μm

ne = 1.480
no = 1.642

25 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
5.8 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

2.71 g/cm³

Abbe Number (Vd), Extraordinary 79.17
Abbe Number (Vd), Oridinary 4

88.19 GPa (Parallel)
72.35 GPa (Perpendicular)

0.85

825°C

3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
13 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

F2

385nm-2µm

1.62

8.2 x 10-6 /°C

3.6 g/cm³

36.37

57 GPa

0.22

580°C

2.7 x 10-6 /°C

KBr

250nm - 26µm

1.525(10.6µm)

43 x 10-6 /°C

2.75 g/cm³

33.64

26.8 GPa

0.3

730 °C

-40.83 x 10-6 /°C

TiO2

500nm - 4.5µm

ne = 2.734  Nd:YAG (1.064 µm)a
no = 2.482

9.2 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
7.1 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

4.25 g/cm³

Not Defined

/

0.28

1840°C

-0.42 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
-0.72 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

YVO4

488nm-3.4µm

no = 1.959
ne = 2.166
Nd:YAG (1.064µm)

11 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
4.4 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

4.23 g/cm³

 

133 GPa

 

1750 - 1940 °C

2.9 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
8.5 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

a-BBO

0.19-3.5

ne=1.533
no=1.673

36 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
4 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)

3.85 g/cm³

56.18

39 GPa

0.58

1095°C

9.3 x 10-6 /°C (Parallel)
-16.6 x 10-6 /°C (Perpendicular)